{"id":98557,"date":"2023-04-06T20:12:05","date_gmt":"2023-04-06T18:12:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/factorialhr.com\/blog\/?p=98557"},"modified":"2026-08-04T09:16:02","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T07:16:02","slug":"imputed-income","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/factorialhr.com\/blog\/imputed-income\/","title":{"rendered":"What is imputed income? A guide for employers"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>According to a recent benefits survey by Mercer, <a href=\"http:\/\/shrm.org\/topics-tools\/research\/employee-benefits-survey\">70% of large employers and 53% of small business leaders<\/a> are planning <a href=\"https:\/\/seattle.gov\/documents\/Departments\/HumanResources\/Benefits\/Rates\/2026_DP_Imputed_Income_FINAL.pdf\">employee benefits program<\/a> enhancements for 2023. One of the most important things to consider when you offer employee benefits is <b>whether they are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irisglobal.com\/blog\/employer-guide-fica-social-security-medicare-tax\/\">classed<\/a> as imputed income<\/b>. In other words, whether there are any <b>tax implications<\/b> to keep in mind.<\/p>\n<p>So, <b>what is imputed income, exactly?<\/b> Do you need to report it to the <b>IRS<\/b>? And what is <b>GTL imputed income<\/b>?<\/p>\n<p>These are just some of the questions we will be answering in today\u2019s <b>employer\u2019s guide to imputed income<\/b>.<\/p>\n<h2>Table of Contents<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#key-facts\" rel=\"noopener\">Key Facts<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#what-are-imputed-earnings\" rel=\"noopener\">What are Imputed Earnings?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#examples-of-imputed-income\" rel=\"noopener\">Examples of Imputed Income<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#imputed-income-exemptions\" rel=\"noopener\">Imputed Income Exemptions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#how-to-report-imputed-income-step-by-step\" rel=\"noopener\">How to Report Imputed Income: Step-by-Step<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#how-to-manage-employee-compensation-and-benefits\" rel=\"noopener\">How to Manage Employee Compensation and Benefits<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 id=\"key-facts\">Key Facts<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Imputed income is the cash equivalent value of any non-cash benefits your W-2 employees receive in addition to their salary or wages.<\/li>\n<li>Specific tax-free annual limits established by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/publications\/p15b\">Internal Revenue Service<\/a> include $5,250 for educational assistance and $5,000 for dependent care assistance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"factorial-banner inline-banner banner-demo category-legal-finance\"\n    data-banner-id=\"175172\"\n    data-banner-type=\"demo\"\n    data-category=\"Legal &amp; Finance\">\n    <div class=\"banner-content\">\n        <div class=\"banner-text\">\n                            <h4>Simplify Payslips &amp; Payroll with Factorial<\/h4>\n            \n                            <ul class=\"banner-checklist\">\n                                                                        <li class=\"not-prose\">Save time, reduce errors and stay complaint<\/li>\n                                                                                                <li class=\"not-prose\">Streamline your payroll processing<\/li>\n                                                                                                <li class=\"not-prose\">Generate employee payslips<\/li>\n                                                            <\/ul>\n            \n                            <a href=\"https:\/\/factorialhr.com\/request-demo\"\n                    class=\"factorial-cta-button not-prose demo btn-brand\" data-cta=\"demo\" data-cta-position=\"inline-banner\">\n                    Get a demo                <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"banner-image no-image\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/factorialhr.com\/blog\/app\/plugins\/factorial-utilities\/assets\/images\/banners\/inline\/backgrounds\/default_image.svg\" class=\"not-prose\" \/>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"what-are-imputed-earnings\">What are Imputed Earnings?<\/h2>\n<p>Although these benefits are not included in an employee\u2019s salary, most (but not all) are still classed as income for tax purposes. This means that you have to include their cash-equivalent value in an employee\u2019s gross salary and report them on your employees\u2019 W-2 forms. You also have to pay FICA tax (Social Security and Medicare tax) on imputed income, unless the benefit is classed as exempt by the IRS (more on this below).<\/p>\n<h3>What is GTL imputed income?<\/h3>\n<p>So, what about <a href=\"https:\/\/hr.arizona.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/Imputed-income-DPs.pdf\"><b>GTL imputed income<\/b><\/a>? Is it the same thing?<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s break it down.<\/p>\n<p>The <b>first $50,000 of coverage<\/b> for any life insurance plan is classed as a <b>tax-free employee benefit<\/b> according to the Internal Revenue Service. However, if you offer employees a <b>Basic Life Plan<\/b> as part of a group term policy and <b>coverage exceeds this $50,000<\/b>, then the <b>excess coverage amount is classed as gross GTL imputed income<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>If you offer employees a <b>Voluntary Life Plan<\/b> with over <b>$50,000 of coverage<\/b>, assuming the employee\u2019s rate falls below the <b>IRS rates<\/b> stated in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/forms-pubs\/about-publication-15-b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Publication 15-B<\/a>, the IRS could also classify this excess as GTL imputed income. It is always best to <b>review the terms of each plan type to determine how taxes are calculated<\/b>, as they can vary.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"examples-of-imputed-income\">Examples of Imputed Income<\/h2>\n<p>Examples of imputed income include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use of a company or employer car<\/li>\n<li>Fitness benefits such as free gym memberships<\/li>\n<li>Vehicles that you provide to your employees for regular non-business use (owned or leased)<\/li>\n<li>Non-bonus cash and gift cards<\/li>\n<li>Moving expenses (if they are non-tax-deductible)<\/li>\n<li>Dependent care assistance in excess of $5,000 (the tax-free limit)<\/li>\n<li>Group-term life insurance in excess of $50,000 (the tax-free limit)<\/li>\n<li>Health insurance for non-dependents<\/li>\n<li>Income obtained if an employee exercises nonstatutory stock options<\/li>\n<li>Taxable income obtained from the issuance of restricted stock<\/li>\n<li>Non-business use of an employer-provided cell phone<\/li>\n<li>Transportation benefits in excess of pretax deferrals (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/pub\/irs-drop\/rr-14-32.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Section 132 Plan<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>Meals and lodging, unless they correspond to tax-deductible business travel<\/li>\n<li>Education assistance if it exceeds $5,250 (the tax-free limit)<\/li>\n<li>Adoption assistance if it exceeds the annually adjusted amount<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"imputed-income-exemptions\">Imputed Income Exemptions<\/h2>\n<p>You might also offer employees <b>certain fringe benefits that are tax-exempt and not classed as imputed income<\/b>. The most common of these, as we saw above, is <b>Group-Term life insurance that falls within the tax-free allowance<\/b> ($50,000). If coverage exceeds this tax-free allowance, then this excess is classed as <b>GTL imputed income<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>Here are a few more examples of <b>imputed income exemptions<\/b>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Health insurance for dependents<\/li>\n<li>Health savings accounts (HSAs)<\/li>\n<li>Dependent care assistance under $5,000<\/li>\n<li>Education assistance under $5,250<\/li>\n<li>Adoption assistance below the annually adjusted amount<\/li>\n<li>Small or occasional employer gifts (birthday cake, company-branded merchandise, etc.)<\/li>\n<li>Commuter benefits, up to a certain maximum amount<\/li>\n<li>Retirement planning services<\/li>\n<li>Qualified employee discounts<\/li>\n<li>Employer-paid disability insurance premiums<\/li>\n<li>On-premises fitness benefits, such as on-site gyms<\/li>\n<li>Meals and lodging during business trips<\/li>\n<li>Entertainment and team-building activities<\/li>\n<li>Small cash gifts under $100<\/li>\n<li>Floral arrangements and fruit baskets<\/li>\n<li>Achievement awards of up to $1,600 for qualified plan awards<\/li>\n<li>Reimbursements for any of the above that the employee has already paid for out of pocket<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"factorial-banner inline-banner banner-freebie category-legal-finance\"\n    data-banner-id=\"188427\"\n    data-banner-type=\"freebie\"\n    data-category=\"Legal &amp; Finance\">\n    <div class=\"banner-content\">\n        <div class=\"banner-text\">\n                            <h4>Save time for your HR team with this Excel payslip template.<\/h4>\n            \n                            <p>A standard payroll model made in Excel based on the template that you can simply fill in the blanks to prepare your employees&#039; payroll.<\/p>\n            \n                            <a href=\"https:\/\/factorialhr.com\/templates\/download-free-payslip\"\n                    class=\"factorial-cta-button not-prose freebie\" data-cta=\"freebie\" data-cta-position=\"inline-banner\">\n                    Download for free                <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"banner-image has-image\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/factorialhr.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/17164313\/template.png\" class=\"not-prose\" \/>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"how-to-report-imputed-income-step-by-step\">How to Report Imputed Income: Step-by-Step<\/h2>\n<p>Here\u2019s a <b>step-by-step guide<\/b> to help you understand what you need to do.<\/p>\n<h3>Identify which fringe benefits are taxable<\/h3>\n<p>Start by <b>reviewing the lists we shared above<\/b>. Can you clearly determine from these lists whether all the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/publications\/p15b\">fringe benefits<\/a> that you offer are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cu.edu\/employee-services\/payroll\/pay\/imputed-income\">classed as imputed income<\/a> or not?<\/p>\n<p>If you\u2019re still not clear, consider the following.<\/p>\n<p>If coverage <b>exceeds the IRS\u2019s tax-free allowance<\/b>, then this benefit is <b>classed as imputed income<\/b>. If it does not, you need to <b>report the excess and tax it accordingly<\/b>. The same applies to dependent care assistance, education assistance, and adoption assistance.<\/p>\n<p>You also need to consider whether the Internal Revenue Service would classify the perk as a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/government-entities\/federal-state-local-governments\/de-minimis-fringe-benefits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>de minimis fringe benefit<\/b><\/a>.\u201d This is when the IRS deems that it is administratively impractical to keep track of fringe benefits that have a cash-equivalent value of less than $100.<\/p>\n<p>These include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Snacks or meals<\/li>\n<li>Gifts with a low fair market value<\/li>\n<li>Employer-branded merchandise<\/li>\n<li>Occasional sporting or entertainment tickets<\/li>\n<li>Occasional parties for employees<\/li>\n<li>Flowers, books, or fruit gifted under special circumstances<\/li>\n<li>Personal use of office copier or printer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Calculate taxes<\/h3>\n<p>Once you\u2019ve identified which fringe benefits the IRS would classify as imputed income, the next step is calculating taxes.<\/p>\n<p>As we mentioned above, <b>most forms of imputed income are subject to FICA taxes<\/b>. The <b>FICA tax rate for 2023 is 7.65%<\/b> (6.2% for Social Security and 1.45%<\/p>\n<p>Things can get a bit more complicated in the case of <b>fringe benefits without obvious cash values<\/b>, such as the use of a company car. In these cases, you have to conduct research to determine each benefit\u2019s <b>fair market value<\/b>. For instance, the cash equivalent value of the use of a company car would be how much it would cost an employee to lease that same car privately.<\/p>\n<p>You can find out more about this by reading the Internal Revenue Service\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/publications\/p15b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Employer\u2019s Guide to Fringe Benefits<\/b><\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Report imputed income on each employee\u2019s IRS Form W-2<\/h3>\n<p>Make sure you <b>report all imputed income on each employee\u2019s W-2 form<\/b> together with their regular gross income. You can do this in <b>boxes 12a through 12d<\/b>. You also need to <b>add this information to gross employee wages in boxes 1<\/b> (other compensation),<b> 3, and 5<\/b> (income that is subject to Social Security and Medicare taxes).<\/p>\n<p>Find out more about IRS W-2s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/forms-pubs\/about-form-w-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Pay imputed income taxes<\/h3>\n<p>Finally, make sure you pay all calculated and reported imputed income tax deductions. You can do this every income period, quarterly, semiannually, or annually.<\/p>\n<p>Although you can submit these payments manually, it can be risky doing it this way. This is especially true if you have a large workforce and\/or offer a variety of fringe benefits. <b>Most businesses choose to use <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/factorialhr.com\/blog\/payroll-software\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>payroll software<\/b><\/a><b> to calculate and automate tax deductions<\/b> and reduce the risk of human error.<\/p>\n<div class=\"factorial-banner inline-banner banner-discover category-legal-finance\"\n    data-banner-id=\"167405\"\n    data-banner-type=\"discover\"\n    data-category=\"Legal &amp; Finance\">\n    <div class=\"banner-content\">\n        <div class=\"banner-text\">\n                            <h4>Want a sneak peek of Factorial?<\/h4>\n            \n                            <ul class=\"banner-checklist\">\n                                                                        <li class=\"not-prose\">See Factorial&#039;s features in action<\/li>\n                                                                                                <li class=\"not-prose\">Take a look a it&#039;s user-friendly interface<\/li>\n                                                                                                <li class=\"not-prose\">Discover the power of Factorial<\/li>\n                                                            <\/ul>\n            \n                            <a href=\"https:\/\/factorialhr.com\/discover-factorial-software\"\n                    class=\"factorial-cta-button not-prose demo btn-brand\" data-cta=\"discover\" data-cta-position=\"inline-banner\">\n                    Discover Factorial                <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"banner-image has-image\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/factorialhr.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/01114707\/Discover-banner-factorial-laptop.png\" class=\"not-prose\" \/>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"how-to-manage-employee-compensation-and-benefits\">How to Manage Employee Compensation and Benefits<\/h2>\n<p>At Factorial, we understand how daunting <a href=\"https:\/\/factorialhr.com\/blog\/payroll\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">payroll<\/a> can be, especially if you\u2019re a <a href=\"https:\/\/factorialhr.com\/blog\/setting-up-payroll-for-small-business\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">new, small business<\/a>. Aside from making sure that you pay your employees the correct amount at the end of each payment period and <a href=\"https:\/\/factorialhr.com\/blog\/expense-reimbursement\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">reimburse any expenses<\/a>, you also need to keep up to date with your <a href=\"https:\/\/factorialhr.com\/blog\/employers-guide-to-payroll-tax\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">payroll tax obligations as an employer<\/a>. This can be especially tricky in the case of imputed income.<\/p>\n<p>Using the right <b>payroll software<\/b> can help you <b>manage the entire process far more efficiently and effectively<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>For example, <b>our payroll software centralizes all your payroll processes through a simple and intuitive platform<\/b>. You can access tools to help you <b>calculate payroll taxes and imputed income deductions<\/b>. You can also file tax documents like <b>W-2s and 1099s<\/b>. Plus, you can easily <b>integrate your employee time tracking data<\/b> so that your paychecks are consistently accurate. That way, you can be sure that you are IRS-compliant and that your workforce is fairly compensated at the end of each payment pe riod.<\/p>\n<h2>FAQ<\/h2>\n<h3>What is employer imputed income?<\/h3>\n<p>Imputed income is the cash value of non-cash fringe benefits provided to employees, such as company cars or group-term life insurance over $50,000. Employers must add this value to gross wages and report it on Form W-2 for tax purposes.<\/p>\n<h3>What is imputed income for a domestic partner?<\/h3>\n<p>Imputed income for a domestic partner is the fair market value of employer-paid health coverage for a partner who does not qualify as a tax dependent. This value counts as additional taxable income for the employee and is reported on Form W-2.<\/p>\n<h3>Should I avoid imputed income?<\/h3>\n<p>You do not need to avoid imputed income, as fringe benefits enhance employee compensation despite the tax implications. Factorial, an all-in-one business management software, helps manage employee benefits and automates payroll tax tracking smoothly.<\/p>\n<h3>Can you give me an example of imputed income?<\/h3>\n<p>Common examples of imputed income include personal use of a company car, paid gym memberships, educational assistance exceeding $5,250, and group-term life insurance coverage over $50,000. The taxable portion must be included in gross wages on Form W-2.<\/p>\n<h3>How do I calculate imputed income?<\/h3>\n<p>To calculate imputed income, determine the fair market value of the non-cash benefit and subtract any post-tax amount paid by the employee. Factorial, an all-in-one business management software, helps simplify benefits tracking and automates complex payroll tax calculations.<\/p>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Article\",\n      \"headline\": \"What is imputed income? A guide for employers\",\n      \"description\": \"Understand imputed income, its tax implications, and how to report it on W-2 forms. 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Factorial, an all-in-one business management software, helps manage employee benefits and automates payroll tax tracking smoothly.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\n          \"name\": \"Can you give me an example of imputed income?\",\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n            \"text\": \"Common examples of imputed income include personal use of a company car, paid gym memberships, educational assistance exceeding $5,250, and group-term life insurance coverage over $50,000. The taxable portion must be included in gross wages on Form W-2.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Question\",\n          \"name\": \"How do I calculate imputed income?\",\n          \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n            \"text\": \"To calculate imputed income, determine the fair market value of the non-cash benefit and subtract any post-tax amount paid by the employee. Factorial, an all-in-one business management software, helps simplify benefits tracking and automates complex payroll tax calculations.\"\n          }\n        }\n      ]\n    }\n  ]\n}\n<\/script><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>According to a recent benefits survey by Mercer, 70% of large employers and 53% of small business leaders are planning employee benefits program enhancements for 2023. One of the most important things to consider when you offer employee benefits is whether they are classed as imputed income. In other words, whether there are any tax<a href=\"https:\/\/factorialhr.com\/blog\/imputed-income\/\" class=\"read-more\"> [&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":80,"featured_media":197430,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[146],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-98557","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-legal-hr"],"acf":{"topics":"payroll"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.5 (Yoast SEO v21.9.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Imputed income: Employer&#039;s guide to tax implications | Factorial<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Understand imputed income, its tax implications, and how to report it on W-2 forms. 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